Cancer susceptibility genes There are two major classes of cancer susceptibility genes. A) Genes affecting cell growth- These genes exert their effects on tumor growth through their ability to control cell division (cell birth) or cell death (apoptosis).There are two types of genes affecting cell growth. Tumor suppressor genes– negatively affect cell growth. The normal […]
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Oncogenes in Human Cancer Oncogenes are cancer susceptibility genes. Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that are present in normal cells and are involved in normal growth and development. Under certain circumstances due to the effect of certain processes protooncogenes are converted to Oncogenes. Significance of Proto-oncogenes In the normal cellular environment, proto-oncogenes have crucial roles in
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Anticancer drugs The goal of cancer treatment is first to eradicate cancer. If this primary goal cannot be accomplished, the goal of cancer treatment shifts to palliation, the amelioration of symptoms, and preservation of quality of life while striving to extend life. Cancer treatments are divided into four main types: surgery, radiation therapy (including photodynamic
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Tumor markers Tumor markers are hormones, enzymes, peptides or proteins abnormally synthesized and released by the cancer cells, or are produced by the host cells in response to cancerous growth. Tumor markers may be present in the body fluids, blood, cell membranes or in the cytoplasm of the cell. Clinical significance of tumor markers Tumor
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Methotrexate Methotrexate is an antimetabolite. A broad definition of antimetabolites would include compounds with structural similarity to precursors of purines or pyrimidines or compounds that interfere with purine or pyrimidine synthesis. Antimetabolites can cause DNA damage indirectly, through misincorporation into DNA, abnormal timing or progression through DNA synthesis, or altered function of pyrimidine and purine
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Biological oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation from Namrata Chhabra
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Case Study A 30 -year- old patient reported to medical OPD complaining of generalized weakness, excessive perspiration, and high caloric intake without an increase in body weight. From the age of seven, she had suffered from profuse sweating that forced her to change clothes about ten times a day. To compensate for the loss of
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Introduction Most of the energy liberated during the oxidation of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids are made available within mitochondria as reducing equivalents (—H or electrons). The NADH and FADH2 formed in glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and the citric acid cycle are energy-rich molecules because each contains a pair of electrons having a high
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Under aerobic conditions regeneration of cytosolic NAD+ from cytosolic NADH is accomplished by transferring electrons across the mitochondrial membrane barrier to the electron transport chain where the electrons are transferred to oxygen. There are two different shuttle mechanisms whereby this transfer of electrons across the membrane to regenerate cytosolic NAD+ can be accomplished, the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle and the malate-aspartate
ATP SYNTHASE COMPLEX ATP synthase is embedded in the inner membrane, together with the respiratory chain complexes. Several subunits of the protein form a ball-like shape arranged around an axis known as F1, which projects into the matrix and contains the phosphorylation mechanism. F1 is attached to a membrane protein complex known as F0, which
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