Case details A 65-year-old man was admitted to the emergency department in an unconscious state. Apparently, he had become increasingly depressed after the death of his younger son two months ago. Previously, before his death, he had been a moderate drinker, but consumption of alcohol had increased markedly over the last few weeks. He had […]
Alcohol Induced Metabolic Changes- A Case Study Read More »
Normal Acid-Base Homeostasis and Role of Lungs Systemic arterial pH is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45 by extracellular and intracellular chemical buffering together with respiratory and renal regulatory mechanisms. The control of arterial CO2 tension (paCO2) by the central nervous system and respiratory systems and the control of the plasma bicarbonate by the kidneys stabilize
Acid-base balance-Lecture 3-(Role of lungs and kidney) Read More »
Buffers Buffers are weak acids or bases that are able to minimize changes in pH by taking up or releasing H+. Phosphate is an example of an effective buffer, as in the following reaction: HPO4 2- + (H+) «H2 PO4 – Upon addition of an H+ to extracellular fluids, the monohydrogen phosphate binds H+ to
Acid- base balance- Lecture 2 (Role of blood buffers) Read More »
Sources of Fatty acids Diet Adipolysis de novo synthesis(from precursors)- Carbohydrates, protein, and other molecules obtained from the diet in excess of the body’s need can be converted to fatty acids, which are stored as triglycerides De novo Fatty Acid Synthesis Characteristics An extramitochondrial system synthesizes fatty acids This system is present in many tissues,
Fatty Acid Synthesis- Lecture-1 (Quick revision) Read More »
Fatty acids are synthesized in the cytosol, whereas acetyl CoA is formed from pyruvate in mitochondria. Hence, acetyl CoA must be transferred from mitochondria to the cytosol. Mitochondria, however, are not readily permeable to acetyl CoA. Carnitine carries only long-chain fatty acids. The barrier to acetyl CoA is bypassed by citrate, which carries acetyl groups
Transportation of Acetyl CoA Read More »
“Although chemical processes involved are the same, Fatty acid synthesis is not simply a reversal of fatty acid oxidation.” Fatty acid synthesis seems simply a reversal of the degradative pathway, but it consists of a new set of reactions, exemplifying the principle that synthetic and degradative pathways are almost
Fatty acid synthesis versus fatty acid oxidation Read More »
Omega oxidation of fatty acids Another minor pathway for fatty acid oxidation also involves hydroxylation and occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum of many tissues. In this case, hydroxylation takes place on the methyl carbon at the other end of the molecule from the carboxyl group or on the carbon next to the methyl end. It
Minor pathways of oxidation of fatty acids- Lecture-2 (omega and peroxisomal oxidation) Read More »
The β oxidation accounts for the bulk of energy production from fatty acids in humans. These reactions must be supplemented by other mechanisms so that all types of ingested fatty acids can be oxidized. Overview of minor pathways of the biological importance of fatty acid oxidation 1) α- Oxidation- Oxidation occurs at C-2 instead of
Minor pathways of oxidation of fatty acids- Lecture-1 (Alpha-oxidation) Read More »
A saturated acyl Co-A is degraded by a recurring sequence of four reactions: 1) Oxidation (dehydrogenation) by flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) 2) Hydration, 3) Oxidation(dehydrogenation) by NAD+, and 4) Thiolysis by CoA The fatty acyl chain is shortened by two carbon atoms as a result of these reactions, and FADH2, NADH, and acetyl CoA are
Steps of beta-oxidation- Lecture-3 Read More »
