Animations – ATP synthase complex and the electron transport chain
ATP SYNTHASE ANIMATIONS
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Library
Fatty Acid Synthesis- Lecture 3 (fatty acid synthase complex)
Fatty acid synthase complex is the second most important enzyme complex in the pathway of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. In mammals, the fatty acid synthase complex is a dimer comprising two identical monomers, each containing all seven enzyme activities of fatty acid synthase on one polypeptide chain. Each chain is folded into three domains
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Fatty Acid Synthesis- Lecture 2 (Acetyl CoA Carboxylase)
The fatty acid synthesis starts with the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA. This irreversible reaction is the committed step in fatty acid synthesis (figure 1). Figure- 1- Showing the formation of Malonyl Co A from Acetyl Co A Bicarbonate as a source of CO2 is required in the initial reaction for the carboxylation
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Alcohol Induced Metabolic Changes- A Case Study
Case details A 65-year-old man was admitted to the emergency department in an unconscious state. Apparently, he had become increasingly depressed after the death of his younger son two months ago. Previously, before his death, he had been a moderate drinker, but consumption of alcohol had increased markedly over the last few weeks. He had
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Acid-base Imbalance- Case Studies With Explanations
Case study1 A 45 year-old-female suffering from bronchial asthma was brought to the emergency in a critical state with extreme difficulty in breathing. The blood gas analysis revealed the following: pH- 7.3 PCO2– 46 mm Hg PO2– 55 mm Hg HCO3– 24meq/L What is your Interpretation? Case details- Low pH – acidosis Low PO2
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Acid-base balance-Lecture 3-(Role of lungs and kidney)
Normal Acid-Base Homeostasis and Role of Lungs Systemic arterial pH is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45 by extracellular and intracellular chemical buffering together with respiratory and renal regulatory mechanisms. The control of arterial CO2 tension (paCO2) by the central nervous system and respiratory systems and the control of the plasma bicarbonate by the kidneys stabilize
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Acid- base balance- Lecture 2 (Role of blood buffers)
Buffers Buffers are weak acids or bases that are able to minimize changes in pH by taking up or releasing H+. Phosphate is an example of an effective buffer, as in the following reaction: HPO4 2- + (H+) «H2 PO4 – Upon addition of an H+ to extracellular fluids, the monohydrogen phosphate binds H+ to
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Fatty Acid Synthesis- Lecture-1 (Quick revision)
Sources of Fatty acids Diet Adipolysis de novo synthesis(from precursors)- Carbohydrates, protein, and other molecules obtained from the diet in excess of the body’s need can be converted to fatty acids, which are stored as triglycerides De novo Fatty Acid Synthesis Characteristics An extramitochondrial system synthesizes fatty acids This system is present in many tissues,
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Transportation of Acetyl CoA
Fatty acids are synthesized in the cytosol, whereas acetyl CoA is formed from pyruvate in mitochondria. Hence, acetyl CoA must be transferred from mitochondria to the cytosol. Mitochondria, however, are not readily permeable to acetyl CoA. Carnitine carries only long-chain fatty acids. The barrier to acetyl CoA is bypassed by citrate, which carries acetyl groups
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Fatty acid synthesis versus fatty acid oxidation
“Although chemical processes involved are the same, Fatty acid synthesis is not simply a reversal of fatty acid oxidation.” Fatty acid synthesis seems simply a reversal of the degradative pathway, but it consists of a new set of reactions, exemplifying the principle that synthetic and degradative pathways are almost
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