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Prostaglandin synthesis and the significance of COX-1 and 2 (case study-2)

Case studies, Learning resources, Library, Metabolism of lipids /

Case details A 63-year-old female presented to the clinic with recurrent mid-epigastric pain over the last 3 months. She also reported feeling tired and had to increase the amount of ibuprofen needed for the relief of her arthritis.  She reported some relief of epigastric pain shortly after eating, but then the discomfort returned. She had […]

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Image challenge-1- Answer

Case based discussions, Case studies, Chemistry of Amino acids, Image Challenge, Learning resources, Library /

Case discussion The patient is suffering from multiple myeloma. Multiple myelomas represent a malignant proliferation of plasma cells derived from a single clone. The plasma cells in a normal individual are end-stage cells that secrete specific antibodies for a few days and then die. In contrast, the plasma cells in an individual with multiple myeloma

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Clinical significance of SGLT-2

Case based multiple choice questions, Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Multiple-choice questions, Practice questions, USMLE styled question bank /

A 22-year-old man collapsed from dehydration during maneuvers in the desert and was sent to an emergency. A high level of glucose was observed in his urine. He was suspected of being a diabetic. Further tests, however, determined that his serum insulin level was normal. A glucose tolerance test exhibited a normal pattern; further testing

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Answer to the Question of the week -1

Image Challenge, Metabolism of Carbohydrates, Multiple-choice questions, Multiple-choice questions, Practice questions /

A 23-year-old bodybuilder visits his physician with complaints of fatigue, depression, insomnia, hair loss, and dry skin. He tells the physician he has been “bulking up” for an upcoming competition, and his meals consist mostly of eight raw eggs along with low-fat milk. The physician suspects biotin deficiency, given the patient’s diet and symptoms. Which

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Translation- an overview

Lecture notes, Lecture notes, Lecture notes, Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology /

The pathway of protein synthesis is called Translation because the ‘language’ of the nucleotide sequence on the mRNA is translated into the language of the amino acid sequence. The m RNA is translated from its 5’end to its 3’end, producing a protein synthesized from its amino-terminal end to its carboxyl-terminal end. Prokaryotic Translation  Components required

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Regulation Of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

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Gene regulation is significantly more complex in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes for a number of reasons- 1)  Large Genome First, the genome being regulated is significantly larger. The E. coli genome consists of a single, circular chromosome containing 4.6 Mb. This genome encodes approximately 2000 proteins. In comparison, the genome within a human cell contains 23 pairs

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Lac operon (Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes)- lecture-2

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Prokaryotes must use substances and synthesize macromolecules just fast enough to meet their needs. The genes for metabolizing enzymes are expressed only in the presence of nutrients.  If the enzymes are not needed, genes are turned off. This allows for the conservation of cell resources. Controlling gene expression is one method of regulating metabolism. Bacteria

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Gene Expression- Lecture-1

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Gene expression is the combined process of the transcription of a gene into mRNA, the processing of that mRNA, and its translation into protein (for protein-encoding genes). Significance of Gene Expression Regulated expression of genes is required for Adaptation, differentiation, and development, 1) Adaptation Organisms adapt to environmental changes by altering gene expression. a) Bacteria

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Genetic Code And Its Characteristics

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The pathway of protein synthesis is called Translation because the language of the nucleotide sequence on mRNA is translated into the language of an amino acid sequence. The process of Translation requires a Genetic code, through which the information contained in the nucleic acid sequence is expressed to produce a specific sequence of amino acids.

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Post transcriptional modifications

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A primary transcript is a linear copy of a transcriptional unit, the DNA segment between specific initiation and termination sequences. The primary transcript of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic tRNAs and rRNAs are post-transcriptionally modified by removing extra nucleotides. Transfer RNAs are then further modified to acquire special characters unique to tRNAs. In fact, many of

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