“Discover how essential vitamins like B2, B3, B6, B12, folate, and others impact fatty acid, triglyceride, and nucleotide metabolism. This detailed overview explains impaired reactions, enzymes affected, and consequences of deficiencies.”
“Vitamins play essential roles in carbohydrate metabolism by acting as coenzymes or precursors for enzymes. Deficiencies in vitamins like Thiamine, Riboflavin, and Niacin can impair critical biochemical reactions, such as the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA or oxidation in the TCA cycle, leading to conditions like lactic acidosis and energy deficits. Discover the intricate biochemical pathways affected and their physiological impacts in our detailed analysis.”
Vitamin Deficiencies and Impairments in Carbohydrate Metabolism Read More »
Here’s a table showing the amino acids associated with each intermediate and helpful mnemonics to aid memorization: Intermediate Amino Acids Associated Mnemonic for Amino Acid Entry Points Pyruvate Glycine, Alanine, Serine, Cysteine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Hydroxyproline G – Glycine A – Alanine S – Serine C – Cysteine T – Threonine T – Tryptophan H – Hydroxyproline
Amino acids associated with the TCA cycle and their entry points (with easy mnemonics) Read More »
Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism Disorders Disorder Enzyme Defect Impairment Type Clinical Manifestations Mnemonic Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MCAD) Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase specific for medium-chain fatty acids Impaired beta-oxidation of medium-chain fatty acids Hypoglycemia, lethargy, vomiting, seizures, coma, and sudden infant death MCAD = “Might Collapse And Die” Carnitine Deficiency Carnitine transporter or synthesis defect
Disoder Enzyme Defect Impairment Type Clinical Manifestations Mnemonic Carnitine Deficiency Carnitine transporter or synthesis defect Impaired transport of long-chain fatty acids Muscle weakness, cardiomyopathy, hypoketotic hypoglycemia “Car Can’t Fuel” CPT I Deficiency CPT I (Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I) Impaired long-chain fatty acid entry into mitochondria Hypoketotic hypoglycemia, liver dysfunction, hyperammonemia “CPT I = Can’t Properly
Table 1: Role of organelles in Fatty Acid Synthesis, Elongation, and Desaturation Process Organelle Function Key Enzymes/Features De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis Cytoplasm Formation of palmitate (16-carbon saturated fatty acid) from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS) Elongation of Fatty Acids Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Mitochondria Extends the carbon chain of long-chain
This table includes a note about the enzyme activity in each state: State Hormone Pathway Enzymes Active Mnemonic Fed State Insulin Glycolysis Hexokinase, PFK-1, Pyruvate Kinase “Hungry Pandas Party” (HPP) Glycogenesis Glycogen Synthase “Glyco Savings” Fatty Acid Synthesis Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase, Fatty Acid Synthase “ACCelerate the Fats” Protein Synthesis Ribosomal enzymes “Ribs Build” Lipogenesis Lipoprotein Lipase
Navigating the Fed and Fasting States: Key Pathways, Enzymes, and Memorable Mnemonics Read More »
Clinical Case: A 6-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with episodes of severe muscle weakness, fatigue, and dark-colored urine after prolonged physical activity. His parents report that he often becomes weak during periods of fasting or intense exercise. Blood tests reveal elevated levels of fatty acylcarnitine and normal levels of free carnitine. Plasma analysis
A table summarizing the main glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) with enzyme defects, key clinical features, and mnemonics to aid memorization: Glycogen Storage Disease Enzyme Defect Key Clinical Features Mnemonic Type I: von Gierke Disease (GSD I) Glucose-6-phosphatase Severe fasting hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, lactic acidosis, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia “von Gierke: ‘G6P’s Gone, Liver Left Low” Type II: Pompe
Glycogen storage diseases with mnemonics to aid memorization Read More »
Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis is a vital metabolic process that allows the body to synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, ensuring a continuous supply of glucose, especially during fasting or intense exercise. Below, we explore how key substrates enter gluconeogenesis and the role of specific enzymes with easy-to-remember mnemonics to simplify learning. Figure 1: Gluconeogenesis and
Gluconeogenesis: Pathways, Substrates, and Key Enzymes Explained with mnemonics Read More »
