Elevated Acyl carnitine compounds and associated hypoglycemia- What is the defect?

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Case details  A 5- year-old boy suffered gastroenteritis for two days and was brought to the emergency in a semiconscious state. Blood glucose at the time of admission was 45 mg/dl and his urine was negative for glucose and ketone bodies. Glucose was administered intravenously, and his condition improved within 10 minutes. Subsequent laboratory investigations […]

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Question the week-2 (Answer)

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A 65-year-old man with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus is complaining of blurred vision and numbness in his toes. Laboratory results are significant for an increased BUN and creatinine, indicative of renal failure, and high HbA1c, indicative of chronic persistent hyperglycemia. Of the several proposed mechanisms, one mechanism responsible for hyperglycemia-induced complications in

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Image challenge 2- Answer

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A 54- year-old man complains of an acute onset of unilateral eye pain and a reduction in the visual acuity. On physical examination, conjunctival injection (eye redness) and a mild-dilated and non-reactive pupil are observed. Fundoscopic examination reveals the cupping of the optic disc. Recognizing the signs and symptoms as glaucoma, the medication Acetazolamide is

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Steps of beta-oxidation- Lecture-3

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A saturated acyl Co-A is degraded by a recurring sequence of four reactions: 1) Oxidation (dehydrogenation) by flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) 2) Hydration, 3) Oxidation(dehydrogenation)  by NAD+, and 4) Thiolysis by CoA The fatty acyl chain is shortened by two carbon atoms as a result of these reactions, and FADH2, NADH, and acetyl CoA are

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Beta oxidation of odd chain and unsaturated fatty acids- lecture-4

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Fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms are oxidized by the pathway of β-oxidation, producing acetyl-CoA until a three-carbon (propionyl-CoA) residue remains. The 3- Carbon Propinyl CoA is utilized in the following way: The fate of propionyl CoA This compound is converted to succinyl-CoA, a constituent of the citric acid cycle (Figure 1).

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Beta oxidation of fatty acids-Lecture-2 (Activation and transportation of fatty acids)

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Overview β-oxidation takes place in mitochondrion. Tissues in which β-Oxidation is carried out are the liver, heart, kidney, muscle, brain, lungs, testes, and adipose tissue. In cardiac muscle, 80% of energy is derived from FA oxidation. A saturated acyl Co-A is degraded by a recurring sequence of four reactions: Oxidation by flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

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Fatty acid oxidation- (General introduction)-Lecture-1   

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A fatty acid contains a long hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxylate group. The hydrocarbon chain may be saturated (with no double bond) or maybe unsaturated (containing double bond)-figure-1. Figure 1- showing saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Sources of fatty acids Fatty acids can be obtained from- Diet Adipolysis De novo synthesis Functions of fatty

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Lipid absorption simplified

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Absorption of Lipids Glycerol, short and medium-chain fatty acids (chain lengths less than 14 carbons) are directly absorbed from the intestinal lumen into the portal vein and taken to the liver for further utilization. Long-chain fatty acids, free cholesterol, and β- acyl glycerol and bile salts form mixed micelles. Micelles Micelles are disk-shaped clusters of

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Impaired TCA cycle enzyme activity

Case studies /

A postoperative patient on intravenous fluids develops lesions in the mouth (angular stomatitis). Urinalysis indicates an excretion of 15 μg riboflavin/mg creatinine, which is abnormally low. Which of the following TCA cycle enzymes is most likely to be affected? Citrate synthase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase Succinate dehydrogenase Details- E) – Succinate dehydrogenase is the

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Impaired TCA cycle enzyme activity in angular stomatitis

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A postoperative patient on intravenous fluids develops lesions in the mouth (angular stomatitis). Urinalysis indicates an excretion of 15 μg riboflavin/mg creatinine, which is abnormally low. Which of the following TCA cycle enzymes is most likely to be affected? Citrate synthase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase Succinate dehydrogenase Details- E) – Succinate dehydrogenase is the

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